Carbide tool popular science knowledge

Tool is a tool used for machining in machinery manufacturing, also known as cutting tools. Generalized cutting tools include both cutting tools and abrasive tools. Most knives are for machine use, but some are for hand use. Since the tools used in machine manufacturing are basically used to cut metal materials, the term "tool" is generally understood to mean metal cutting tools. The cutting tools used to cut wood are called woodworking tools.

The development of knives plays an important role in the history of human progress. As early as the 28th century BC to the 20th century BC in China, there were brass cones, copper cones, drills, knives and other copper tools. In the late Warring States Period (3rd century BC), the carburizing technology was mastered and copper cutting tools were made. The drills and saws of that time bear some resemblance to modern flat drills and saws.

The rapid development of cutters, however, came in the late 18th century with the development of machines such as the steam engine. In 1783, Rene of France made the first milling cutter. In 1792, Maudsley in England made taps and die. The invention of the twist drill was first documented in 1822, but it was not produced as a commodity until 1864.

At that time, the tools were made of monolithic high-carbon tool steel and allowed cutting speeds of about 5 m/min. In 1868, Muchert in England made tungsten alloy tool steel. In 1898, Taylor and. White invented high speed steel. In 1923, Germany's Schloetter invented carbide.

When the alloy tool steel is used, the cutting speed of the tool is increased to about 8 meters/min. When the high speed steel is used, the cutting speed is increased by more than two times. When the hard alloy is used, the surface quality and dimensional accuracy of the workpiece are also greatly improved.

Because high speed steel and carbide prices are more expensive, tools are welded and mechanically clamped. From 1949 to 1950, the United States began to use indexable blades on turning tools, soon used in milling cutters and other tools. In 1938, the German company Degussa obtained a patent on ceramic cutting tools. In 1972, General Electric produced polycrystalline synthetic diamond and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride blades. These non-metallic tool materials allow the tool to cut at higher speeds.

In 1969, Sweden Sandvik steel Works obtained the chemical vapor deposition method, the production of titanium carbide coated carbide blade patent. In 1972, Bonsha and Laguran in the United States developed the physical vapor deposition method, coating the surface of carbide or high speed steel tool with titanium carbide or titanium nitride hard layer. The surface coating method combines the high strength and toughness of the substrate material with the high hardness and wear resistance of the surface, so that the composite material has better machinability.

Cutting tools can be divided into five categories according to the form of workpiece processing surface. Machining a variety of external surface tools, including turning tool, planer, milling cutter, outer surface broach and file, etc. Hole machining tools, including drill, reaming drill, boring cutter, reamer and internal surface broach, etc.; Thread processing tools, including tap, die, automatic thread cutting head, thread turning tool and thread milling cutter, etc. Gear machining tools, including hob, gear shaper cutter, shaving cutter, bevel gear machining tool, etc. Cutting tools, including insert circular saw, band saw, bow saw, cutting tool and saw milling cutter, etc. In addition, there are combination cutting tools.

According to the mode of cutting motion and corresponding blade shape, cutting tools can be divided into three categories. Universal tools, such as turning tool, planer, milling cutter (excluding forming turning tool, forming planer and forming milling cutter), boring tool, drill, reaming drill, reamer and saw, etc.; Forming tool, the cutting edge of this kind of tool has the same or close to the same shape as the workpiece section, such as forming turning tool, forming planer, forming milling cutter, broach, taper reamer and various thread processing tools; Developing tool is used to process the tooth surface of gear or similar workpiece, such as hob, gear shaper, shaving knife, bevel gear planer and bevel gear milling cutter, etc.

The structure of all kinds of cutting tools is composed of clamping part and working part. The clamping part and working part of the overall structure of the tool are done on the tool body; The working part of the tool (the tooth or blade) is mounted on the body of the tool.